【GMAT解题技巧】.pptx

1、GMAT 阅读-解题,闫晨晨 yanchenchen-,1. 细节题,1.1直接细节题,According to the passage (author) The author states that The author mentions which of the following Why, which, what, when, how Eg. According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?,问法,1.1直接细节题,针对原文细节提问

2、（题干里无明显特征词） 难度跨度最大（逻辑+语言）,特点,题型判断是否能定位 判断标准：题干信息越详细 实义信息：逻辑结构提示词，低频词,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,难度跨度最大（逻辑+语言） 针对原文细节提问 （题干里无明显特征词）,特点,1.Which of the following is true according to the passage? 2.Which of the following is a true explanation according to the passage? 3.Which of the following is the feature of A? 4

3、.Which of the following presents A disagree with B because ? 5.According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,2. 回原文定位 （参照笔记） 不在定位范围内的直接秒掉！,解题步骤,1.1 直接细节题,Exercise,The anatomy of their (pterosaurs) wings suggests that they did not

4、 evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. 【题】Acco

5、rding to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the: A. size of its wingspan B. presence of hollow spaces in its bones C. anatomic evidence of its wing strut D. presence of hook like projections on its hind feet E. location of the shoulder joint joining

6、the wing to its body,1.1直接细节题,3. 排除干扰项 正确改写,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,3. 排除干扰项 正确改写 例1：The minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies. The minority groups do not have sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,3. 排除干扰项 正确改写

7、 （对象与对象关系） 例：The minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies. The minority groups do not have sufficient opportunities to secure business created by large corporations.,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,3. 排除干扰项 正确改写 例2：Most pre-1990 literature on businesses use of informatio

8、n technology (IT) focused on spectacular IT successes and reflected a general optimism concerning ITs potential as a resource for creating competitive advantage. Most pre-1990 literature on businesses use of IT included A belief in the likelihood of increased competitive advantage for firms using IT

9、.,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,3. 排除干扰项 正确改写 (对象特点） 例2：Most pre-1990 literature on businesses use of information technology (IT) focused on spectacular IT successes and reflected a general optimism concerning ITs potential as a resource for creating competitive advantage. Most pre-1990 literature on businesses use

10、 of IT included A belief in the likelihood of increased competitive advantage for firms using IT.,解题步骤,1.1直接细节题,3. 排除干扰项 四种错误选项类型：混，偏，反，无,解题步骤,Exercise 2,Educational historians barely mentioned women and girls before American Revolution (1775-1783); Thomas Woodys 1929 work is the notable exception.

11、Examining newspaper advertisements for academies, Woody found that educational opportunities increased for both girls and boys around 1750. 【题】 According to the passage, within the field of educational history, Thomas Woodys 1929 work was A. innovative because it relied on newspaper advertisements a

12、s evidence B. exceptional in that it concentrated on the period before the American Revolution C. unusual in that it focused on educational attitudes rather than on educational practices D. controversial in its claims regarding educational opportunities for boys E. atypical in that it examined the e

13、ducation of girls before American Revolution,1.1直接细节题,排除干扰项 1.价值与事实 2.不同视角 3.原文没有的比较 4.增加关系 5.时态写错 6.做某事与意识到做某事,解题步骤,1.2 EXCEPT题,本质与直接信息题相似：需要定位 改写难度较低 四个信息位置通常比较靠近 描述一个事物的多个特点,特点,Exercise 1,G10 garnets, a type of garnet typically found in diamond-rich pipes, are special in chemical signature :lower

14、 in calcium and higher in chrome than garnets from barren pipes. Geochemists John Gurney showed that garnets with this composition were formed only in the diamond-stability field; more commonly found versions came from elsewhere in the mantle. 【题】Each of the following is mentioned in the passage as

15、a difference between G10 garnet and other versions of garnet EXCEPT A. level of oxidation B. commonness of occurrence C. chemical signature D. place of formation E. appearance in conjunction with diamonds,Exercise 2,One proposal for preserving rain forests is to promote the adoption of new agricultu

16、ral technologies, such as improved plant varieties and use of chemical herbicides, which would increase productivity and slow deforestation by reducing demand for new cropland. 【题】According to the passage, the proposal mentioned in line 1 is aimed at preserving rain forests by encouraging farmers in

17、 rain-forest regions to do each of the following EXCEPT A. adopt new agricultural technologies B. grow improved plant varieties C. decrease their use of chemical herbicides D. increase their productivity E. reduce their need to clear new land for cultivation,1.3间接细节题,问法：infer, imply, It can be infer

18、red from the passage that The author(passage) implies(suggests) that,特点,1.定位,解题步骤,1.3间接细节题,题目本质： 1.完全等于直接信息题（对定位范围内容的改写） 2.在原文某些已有信息的基础上进行一步推论 明确句子目的&逻辑关系词,解题步骤,Exercise 3,A commuter diatom has an unusually accurate biological clock in its tidal cycle, a consequence of the unrelenting environmental

19、pressures to which it is subjected. 【题】The passage suggests which of the following about the accuracy of the commuter diatoms biological clock? A. The accuracy of the commuter diatoms biological clock varies according to changes in the tidal cycle. B. The unusual accuracy that characterizes the comm

20、uter diatoms biological clock is rare among intertidal species. C. The commuter diatoms biological clock is likely to be more accurate than the biological clock of a species that is subject to less intense environmental pressures. D. The commuter diatoms biological clock tends to be more accurate th

21、an the biological clocks of most other species because of the consistency of the tidal cycle. E. The accuracy of the commuter diatoms biological clock tends to fluctuate when the diatom is observed under variable laboratory conditions.,2. 主旨题,2.1 内容型主旨题,解题方法1：引导动词解题 主旨题比较常见的选项设置形式是一个动词引导一个句子，仅仅通过看动词

22、可以排除掉部分选项。 排除原则：1.负向动词比正向动词排除可能性高： 比较challenge和support 2. 动词含义越丰富，排除可能性越高 defend, trace, explore, evaluate, solve, advocate, refute, compare,解题步骤,2.1 内容型主旨题,解题方法2：主体解题 主体的定义 正确的答案一定包含主体，包含非主体的错误几率非常大。 解题方法3：包含作者露脸的地方,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,解题方法1：引导动词解题 主旨题比较常见的选项设置形式是一个动词引导一个句子，仅仅通过看动词可以排除掉部分选项。 排除原则：1.负向动

23、词比正向动词排除可能性高： 比较challenge和support 2. 动词含义越丰富，排除可能性越高 defend, trace, explore, evaluate, solve, advocate, compare,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Assumption Assertion Argument Evidence Phenomenon Theory Misconception Methodology Ideology,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Assumption : something taken as be

24、ing true or factual and used as a starting point for a course of action or reasoning,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Assertion =Argument = views= claims,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Evidence (注意new evidence / recent evidence / new discovery),解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Misconception ：a false ide

25、a or belief,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Phenomenon : an observable fact or event Theory : an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events / an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven to be true Explanation Hypothesis,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题

26、,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Methodology :a set of methods, rules, or ideas that are important in a science or art,解题步骤,2.1 结构型主旨题,明确表各种结构的抽象词的含义 Ideology ：the basic beliefs or guiding principles of a person or group,解题步骤,主旨题四个层级,动词明确，主体清晰 主体清晰，动词换表达 3. 强调作者观点，弱化引用观点 4. 主体复杂（复杂主旨）,解题步骤,复杂主旨,前面有很多concepts（backgro

27、und information），要看展开的点。被展开的一定是主体,主体：step 1,复杂主旨,Non-argument phenomenon, process, object, discovery, method Argument 1.Property 2. explanation, significance, effect, problem 3. Suggestion, solution, method 4. Relation,主体：step 2,3. 目的题,3.目的题,The author mention something to/ in order to 变体：purpose fu

28、nction,问法,注意something出现的位置： 1.举例论证 Something前面有for example, like, for instance, such as 2.证伪 Something(research/evidence/study) 前面有but/yet/however 3.没有特殊的语言现象 （判断）,类型,3.1 举例及目的题,1.举例论证 （建立论据与观点见的关系） Something前面有for example, like, for instance, such as 支撑前面的argument 技巧：例子不需要细读，明确位置和所支撑的观点,类型,Exercise

29、 1,Toward the end of the 1980s, some economists spoke of a “productivity paradox”: despite huge IT investments, most notably in the service sectors, productivity stagnated. In the retail industry, for example, in which IT had been 【题】The author of the passage discusses productivity in the retail ind

30、ustry in the first paragraph primarily in order to A. suggest a way in which IT can be used to create a competitive advantage B. provide an illustration of the “productivity paradox” C. emphasize the practical value of the introduction of IT D. cite an industry in which productivity did not stagnate

31、 during the 1980s E. counter the argument that IT could potentially create competitive advantage,3.2 转折,2.证伪 Something(research/evidence/study) 前面but/yet/however 使用这个evidence去反驳前面的观点（作者） 技巧1：例子本身不用细读，明确位置 技巧2：先看负向动词(challenge/refute),类型,Exercise 2,One argument against the scientists contention asser

32、ts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that the scientist is simply underestimating childrens ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the c

33、ontrary. (Two researchers, for example.) 【题】The author mentions two researchers studies most likely in order to A. suggest that childrens attitudes are formed primarily through textbooks B. counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooks C. suggest that younger child

34、ren tend to interpret the messages in textbooks more literally than do older children D. demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readers E. prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their presentations,3.3无明显语言现象,3.没有特殊的语言现象 （判断）,类型,Exercise 2,Because the s

35、ource of a mantel plume remains fixed while a surface plate moves over it, over a long period of time an active plume creates a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a track marking the position of the plume relative to the moving plate. The natural history of the Hawaiian island chain clearly sho

36、ws the movement of the Pacific plate over a fixed plume. 【题】The authors reference to the Hawaiian Islands serves primarily to A. provide an example of a type of volcanic activity that does not occur elsewhere B. identify the evidence used to establish that the Pacific plate moves C. call into questi

37、on a theory about the source of the volcanoes that created the Hawaiian Islands D. illustrate the distance from plate edges at which volcanoes typically appear E. provide an example to illustrate the relative movement between the plume and the surface plate,4. 态度题,针对文章中的作者或者某个人针对另一个人的观点或者某件事情的评价 观点归

38、属：文章中所有他人的观点作者一定会表明观点的持有者，如果不表明观点的持有者，则该观点为作者观点。,问法,1.对原文态度进行分类（两大类，六小类） 单向：纯正，纯负，无态度 混合：偏正，偏负，偏中立 2. 对选项态度进行分类,解题步骤,4. 态度题,Unjustified Unnecessary Warranted Wary and hostile Pointed disagreement Deep skepticism,选项练习（单向）,4. 态度题,partially correct qualified approval reluctant acceptance well founded t

39、hough incomplete,选项练习（混合）,4. 态度题,plausible but poorly substantiated useful but limited,选项练习（混合）,4. 态度题,profound ambivalence studied neutrality marked indifference,选项练习,4. 态度题,Confused and dismayed Curious but fearful Unmitigated hostility Strong indignation/ irritation Sharp derision Cynical and dis

40、interested,选项练习,5.加强削弱题,问法1：What of the following, if true, would most strengthen/weaken the argument in the passage?,问法 1,文中此argument有明确使用evidence进行支撑 对evidence进行取反/进一步加强 2. 如果没有明显evidence，直接削argument即可,Argument的论证类型,Exercise 2,One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Ill

41、inois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest as it did in high tide in Connecticut, but after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible influences on the oysters

42、 rhythms. 【题】Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Browns conclusion? (A) The oyster gradually closed their shells after high tide in Illinois had passed. (B) The oysters behavioral rhythms maintained their adaptation to the tide schedule in Illinois throughout thirty days of observatio

43、n. (C) Sixteen days after they were moved to Illinois, the oysters remained to open their shells widest as it did in high tide in Connecticut. (D) A scientist who brought Maryland oysters to Maine found that the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Maine. (E) In an experiment

44、similar to Browns, a scientist was able to establish a clear causal relationship between environmental change and behavioral rhythms.,Exercise 2,The “deindustrialization” thesis of Bluestone and Harrison asserts that the replacement of domestic with foreign manufacturing begun by United States corpo

45、rations in the late 1960s resulted in a “hollowing out” of American industry, whereby workers displaced from manufacturing jobs through massive plant closings found themselves moving more or less permanently into lower-paying, less secure jobs or into unemployment. 【题】Which of the following, if true

46、, would most tend to weaken the deindustrialization thesis of Bluestone and Harrison? A. a survey of the spouses of former industrial workers reveals a significant increase in the number of working spouses since the mid-1960s. B. data from the most recent United States census show that fewer individ

47、uals list their occupation as industrial worker than in the census from ten years earlier. C. a random survey of United States consumers indicates that a majority of those surveyed would prefer to buy United States-manufacturing goods if given the opportunity. D. A recent study indicates that large

48、numbers of former industrial workers have retrained and found employment as skilled, highly-paid computer workers. E. Interviews with representatives at major agencies for temporary employment in the United States suggest that they value the skills of former industrial workers.,5.加强削弱题,问法2: If sth.

49、in the passage was false, which of the following is likely to happen?,问法 2,定位到sth. 找到原文中sth.的结果，并对该结果进行取反,解题步骤,Exercise 2,ALH84001 coming from Mars has been on earth for 13,000 years, suggesting to some scientists that its PAHs might have resulted form terrestrial contamination. However, McKays team

50、 has demonsrtated that the concentration of PAHs increases as one looks deeper into ALH84001, contrary to what one would expect from terrestrial contamination. 【题】The passage suggests that if a meteorite contained PAHs that were the result of the terrestrial contamination, then one would expect whic