英汉翻译02-1.ppt

1、E-C Translation Course: Theories and PracticeChapter Two Basic translation techniquesnOutlinenAnnotation & paraphrasenAmplification & omissionnShift of perspectivenDivision & combinationnNote: Basic translation techniques are introduced in this chapter. 1. Annotation 加注n由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根

2、本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺。n加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。加注法可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。n 音译加注音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用 1. Annotation音译加注ncartoon 卡通片片Hamburger 汉堡包包Benz 奔驰车车clone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法）sauna 桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴）hacker 黑客（在信息空间中主动出击，对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程，并可能由此

3、造成混乱和破坏的电脑迷）El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动） n（1） Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚健康女神哈奇亚*也会害病。*哈奇亚是希腊神话中的健康女神。n（2）Big Ben is ringing the hour.大本钟大本钟*在当当报时。*伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。n（3）Pi

4、zza is my sons favorite American food. 比萨饼比萨饼是我儿子最喜欢的美国食品。n（4） New York was never Mecca to me.纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加圣地麦加。n（5）Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath.他简直像酒神巴赫斯酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。*巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。 (6)Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final sa

5、y.拥有最后发言权的，并非乔治乔治盖洛普盖洛普*民意测验民意测验，而是南希里根。*乔治盖洛普（1901- ）为美国统计学家。他发明的民意测验方法在西方广为流行。他的名字盖洛普也就成了这种测验方法的通称。Annotation 直译加注n直译加注直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。n例如：Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称）Sesame Street 芝麻街(美国儿童电视连续节目，每天一小时，主要为动画片、游戏、木偶戏等)Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室）Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991年美国领导

6、的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动）Annotation 直译加注n（1）It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。*星期五Friday为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。n（2）While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想给阿利斯太尔库克

7、先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力不讨好百合花上色，费力不讨好。*在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。 n(3) Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. n他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五忠仆星期五*。*星期五(Friday)是鲁滨逊漂流记故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。n4）The

8、man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle.刚下一场及时雨，那人却又为草坪浇水，真是把煤运到纽煤运到纽卡斯尔，多此一举卡斯尔，多此一举。 *纽卡斯尔：英国煤都。n（5）I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient.我象约伯一样穷的象约伯一样穷的，大人，可是却没有他那样的好耐心。*在圣经中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。n6）The favors of government are like the box of Pandora, with this

9、important difference that they rarely leave hope at bottom.n政府的恩惠如同政府的恩惠如同潘多拉的盒子，后患无穷潘多拉的盒子，后患无穷，主要不同之处，主要不同之处是：盒底很少留有希望。是：盒底很少留有希望。2. Paraphrase 释义n释义（释义（paraphrase）是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。解释出原文的意思。n在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太如果直译不能使译

10、入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传达达。2. Paraphrase 释义n例如： asdrunkasafiddler酩酊大醉酩酊大醉（在古英格兰,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏,人们往往以酒酬谢,因此往往会喝得大醉.后人用此成语时,常常重意不重形与典,因此,不必直译为 “像小提琴手一样酩酊大醉”,采用释义法即可.）nasrichasCroesus十分富有十分富有(Croesus 是公元6世纪小亚细亚

11、吕底亚国王,十分富有.如直译为 像科里瑟斯一样富有,倒让读者十分费解,因为读者不知 科里瑟斯为何许人, 并且后人用此词时,常常意重于典,所以不如释义为 十分富有, 简单明白.) nbringdownthehouse全场喝彩全场喝彩(不能直译为 把房子都弄倒了) n（1） Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百

12、姓普通百姓。（Tom, Dick, Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，相当于汉语中的“张三、李四、王五”。所以，这里不宜直译为“汤姆、迪克、哈里”。）n（2） Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地出人头地。（break out of the pot that holds us in，重意不重形，译为出人头地比打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子意思来得明白简洁。） n（3） The study had a Spartan look. 书房看起来

13、很简朴很简朴。（古希腊斯巴达人以生活简朴而著称。可看出，此处重意不重典，所以只用翻译出其意。）（4） When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一付毫无表情、一毫无表情、一本正经本正经的面孔。（Quaker-Oats是欧美一种有名的麦片商标，商标中画的老头模样毫无表情，我国读者对此并不熟悉。因此，此处意重于形，翻译时得采用释义手法。） （5） Early Reagan was a mirror image of early

14、Carter.里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致毫无二致。（a mirror image 如直译为镜子里的形象，就让人感到非常别扭，远不如毫无二致自然。 （6）She and her mother are as like as two peas.她和她母亲长得一模一样一模一样.(as like as two peas 不能译为 像两颗豌豆一样相似)（7）The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.年轻的姑娘站在路边不停地向过往的汽车晃动着竖起的拇指晃动着竖起的拇指表示要搭车表示要搭车。（8）I wonder whether he

15、 is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是不是内奸内奸。 释义法还可以用来翻译某些不可直译成汉语的英语表达形式.He has an old head on his young shoulders.他少年老成少年老成。What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是不健康的。He was smooth and agreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑待人处事，八面玲珑。He listened with bright-eyed,

16、 smiling attention.他眼睛发亮，微笑着注意眼睛发亮，微笑着注意倾听。1. There is not a finer fellow in the service, Osborne said. nor a better officer, though he is not Adonis, certainly. 2. Speaker Jim Wright brushes tear away as he throws in the towel yesterday in D.C. 3. Perhaps from some vague rumor of his college honors

17、, which had been whispered abroad on his first arrival, perhaps because he was an unmarried, unencumbered gentleman, he had been called the bachelor.4. All right, now that we have covered the social amenities, lets talk turkey about what really happened. 1.奥斯本说道：奥斯本说道：“军队里谁也比不上他的为人。他做军官的军队里谁也比不上他的为人

18、。他做军官的本事比人强。当然，他不是本事比人强。当然，他不是阿多尼斯阿多尼斯.*阿多尼斯：希腊神话中的美少年阿多尼斯：希腊神话中的美少年2.发言人吉姆赖特于昨日在华府挥泪发言人吉姆赖特于昨日在华府挥泪认输认输。3.也许因为他初来时大家交头接耳传说他在大学里有过学位，也许因为他初来时大家交头接耳传说他在大学里有过学位，也许是因为他是一位没有结婚，无拘无束的绅士，他便也许是因为他是一位没有结婚，无拘无束的绅士，他便被称为被称为光棍学士光棍学士。4.好吧，大家既然寒暄已毕，那就让咱们来好吧，大家既然寒暄已毕，那就让咱们来认真坦率地讨认真坦率地讨论论实际发生的事情吧。实际发生的事情吧。 3. Ampl

19、ification 增词n英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。n增词一般用于以下三种情况：一是为了语法上的需要；二增词一般用于以下三种情况：一是为了语法上的需要；二是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。一、语法

20、上的需要一、语法上的需要 nA. 增加合适的量词na lion a book a pen a teacher n(1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.东南方呈现一一抹抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。(2) The sun rose slowly from the sea.一一轮轮红日红日从海边冉冉升起。(3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.一一弯弯溪水溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。 nB. 增加表达时态的词n(1) I was,

21、and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去过去很感激，现在现在仍然很感激。(2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.原来原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。 n(3) The old man said, They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.n（4）Britains railway system i

22、s being improved.n(3) The old man said, They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.老人说：听人说，从前从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过过去去也许跟我们现在现在一样穷。“n4）Briatains railway system is being improved. 英国的铁路系统正日益日益完善。C. 增加表达名词复数的词n(1) The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百百兽之王。 (2) Flowers bloom all over the

23、 yard. 朵朵朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 (3) There are rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。 (4). Disappearances occurred with apparently increasingly frequency. 失踪事件接二连三接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。 nD. 省略句的增补n(1) In two minutes I fell in love with her and she with me, too。 两分钟后我爱上了她，她也爱上了爱上了我。n(2) Co

24、urage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度过度，即成即成溺爱；俭约过度过度，即成即成贪婪。 nWhen I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.nWhen I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face in

25、tently to see if he had pleased me. He had.n我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心确实博得了我的欢心。二、为了意义上的需要二、为了意义上的需要n英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词，使译文意思明确。n(1) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final commu

26、nique. 晚上在参加参加宴会、出席出席音乐会、观看观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 n（2）With what an enthusiasm the Chinese people are buiding socialism!n中国人民正以多么高高的热情建设社会主义啊！n（3）At the meeting, he made a speech - eloquent and energetic. 他在会上发表了讲话- 很很动听，很很有力。n（4）The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐渐渐散开了。n（5）The hungry boy was wolfing down his

27、 dinner. 那个饥饿的孩子正狼吞虎咽地狼吞虎咽地吃饭。n有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词 n(1) These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.这些早期的汽车速度速度缓慢，行动行动笨拙，效率效率不高。 n(2) Day after dayhe came to his work- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活- 扫地地，擦地板地板，收拾房间房间。nMike quickly learned that language and custom of the Chinese

28、.nA new kind of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless- is attracting increasing attention.nMike quickly learned that language and custom of the Chinese.n麦克很快学会了中国人的语言，适应了适应了中国人的风俗习惯。nA new kind of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless- is attracting increasing attention.n一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意- 这种飞机体体积积不大，价钱价

29、钱便宜，无人驾驶。n英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。ndarkness 漆黑一团一团 madness 疯狂行为行为complacency 自满情绪情绪 backwardness 落后状态状态 unemployment 失业现象现象 tension 紧张关系关系n(1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. n(2) Recourse to arms is not t

30、he best solution to a quarrel between countries.n(1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备准备工作工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。(2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法方法。n增加概括词nThe thesis summed up

31、 the new achievements made in electric computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面三方面的新成就。nThe advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo.n这个大厅有四大四大优点：明亮、宽敞、样式新颖、没有回声。nThey talked about wage, price and inflation.n他们谈及工资、物价、通货膨胀等问题等问题。n增加承上启下的词增加

32、承上启下的词nFor mistakes had been made, bad ones.n因为已经犯了许多错误，而且而且还是很严重的错误。nOur rushing is understandable, but costly.n人们忙碌是可以理解的，但是为此付出的代价却为此付出的代价却是是高昂的。n增加定语增加定语n在英译汉时，有时候可以对原文中的某些名词或名词性的结构适当地增加定语成分，以提高其可读性，或者给读者提供说明性的背景知识。nThose were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “ like Arons ro

33、d, with flowers”.n后来，就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就就像像圣经圣经上说的上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。nThis great scientist was born in New England.n这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的美国东北部的新英格兰。三、为了修辞上的需要三、为了修辞上的需要 n为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、承上启下的词、概括词。n n(1) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, pr

34、oposed healths.他们的主人,（又是）割啊啊，（又是）倒啊啊，（又是）上菜啊啊，（又是）切面包啊啊，（又是）说啊啊，（又是）笑啊啊，（又是）敬酒啊啊，忙个不忙个不停停。（增加语气助词和概括词语）n(2) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.欢迎他的只有几下轻轻轻轻地、零零落落零零落落、冷冷淡淡冷冷淡淡的掌声。（叠词） 4. Omission减词n减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。n减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；

35、二是从修饰角度进行减省。n一、一、从语法角度进行减省从语法角度进行减省 n英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。 n(1) I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。n(2) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water.冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。n(3) John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his d

36、esk and began to do his homework.约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 n(4) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。 n(5) Come if you like.高兴来就来。 n(6). If you are a twinkler, you have th

37、e ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you, making everyone else want to bask in it. 满怀喜悦的人能把阳光带进他所走进的房间，使别人愿意沐浴在这阳光中. n二、从修饰角度进行减省二、从修饰角度进行减省n为了使译文简洁晓畅、为了使译文简洁晓畅、“文约而意丰文约而意丰”，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。n n(1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total st

38、ranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、住在他家、吃他的、喝他的喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。n(这里，如把 sleep under his roof, eat his

39、food and drink his whisky直译为睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。) n(2) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。(3)There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

40、天未下雪，但叶落草枯。 n(4) The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach.车辆的代用燃料是我们将要研究的一个问题。 n(5) To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.学习不容易，使用更加不容易。 Exercises:n1. They had thought of her only as a rich, proud, successful, ruthless wom

41、an.2. Never did she stop to inquire whether we understood what she was reading; she said we would understand later if not now. 3. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 4. It catered to large ap

42、petites and modest purses. 5. Its better to do well than to say well. 6. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 7. She came to the dining room window and then cautiously looked in. n（3）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.n (如果) 这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥继续受到排斥。